With the advent of appropriate technology in the form of drilling rigs, submersible pumps and motors as well as casings and screens, open water wells even in developing countries are rapidly becoming a thing of the past. Evaporation of water and the environmental hazards posed by open waterwells through contamination and the use of dry wells as dumping sites of various pollutants have been significantly minimized with the development of closed borewells.
Steel casings and screens were commonly accepted during the early years of borewells, but after prolonged use of steel casing and screen in borewells, several doubts relating to quality of water, performance, efficiency and restricted life span of the wells began to surface.